berculosis is the most common HIV-related opportunistic infection in India, and caring for patients with both diseases is a major public health challenge. India has about 1.8 million new cases of tuberculosis annually, accounting for a fifth of new cases in the world — a greater number than in any other country (see pie chart).1 Patients with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are at higher risk for progression if they are coinfected with HIV. Patients with HIV infection have a similar bacteriologic response to tuberculosis treatment as those who are not infected but have higher risks of recurrence and death. The influence of tuberculosis coinfection on the progression of HIV disease is controversial.2