author calls for two-way info exchange between bench and bedside to continually refine hypotheses and develop clinically useful insights; he also calls for physiologic studies that involve more than a single small system (e.g. gene-cell-tissue is fine, but studies should include the entire organ or animal to be clinically relevant).

systems biology emphasizes the interaction and integration among a biochemical network comprised of genes, cells, and tissues that leads to a disease state; ultimate goal is to understand these interactions, their genetic precursors, gain insight into preventive care strategies for each individual, and engage the patient in healthcare decision-making. See also www.systemsbiology.org for additional details.