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freearcadesonline.com
Get three ameobas across the microscopic highways and bacteria rivers to get to the next level. Beat 3 levels to win the game.
www.apple.com
Favor the Way of the Open Palm or the Way of the Closed Fist as you embark on an ambitious quest that will shape the future of the Jade Empire. You grew up an orphan in Two Rivers and became Master. Customize your character by focusing on specific fighting styles and use your conversation skills to sway others to your cause.
sports.espn.go.com
A summary of The City of Palms Classic which is generally regarded as the nation's top high school basketball tournament.
www.footbrawlers.com
My boy, philip will return i have no dought. This guy is crazy----injurs himself during a game---his whole acl is torn and he still plays-----i think this guy is going to take my team to the superbowl as well as my other boy LT !!!!!
Geology 35 (2), 103-6 (01 Feb 2007)
Bedrock channel adjustment to tectonic forcing: Implications for predicting river incision rates
Alexander C. Whittaker*,1, Patience A. Cowie1, Mikaël Attal1, Gregory E. Tucker2 and Gerald P. Roberts3
1 Grant Institute of Earth Science, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Scotland, UK
2 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0399, USA
3 Joint Research School for Geological and Geophysical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
We present detailed data of channel morphology for a river undergoing a transient response to active normal faulting where excellent constraints exist on spatial and temporal variations in fault slip rates. We show that traditional hydraulic scaling laws break down in this situation, and that channel widths become decoupled from drainage area upstream of the fault. Unit stream powers are 4 times higher than those predicted by current scaling paradigms and imply that incision rates for rivers responding to active tectonics may be significantly higher than those heretofore modeled. The loss of hydraulic scaling cannot be explained by increasing channel roughness and is an intrinsic response to tectonic forcing. We show that channel aspect ratio is a strongly nonlinear function of local slope and demonstrate that fault-induced adjustment of channel geometries has reset hillslope gradients. The results give new insight into how rivers maintain their course in the face of tectonic uplift and illustrate the first-order control the fluvial system exerts on the locus and magnitude of sediment supply to basins.
bulletin.geoscienceworld.org
Bruce H. Wilkinson,1 and Brandon J. McElroy,2
1 Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
2 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
Rock uplift and erosional denudation of orogenic belts have long been the most important geologic processes that serve to shape continental surfaces, but the rate of geomorphic change resulting from these natural phenomena has now been outstripped by human activities associated with agriculture, construction, and mining. Although humans are now the most important geomorphic agent on the planet's surface, natural and anthropogenic processes serve to modify quite different parts of Earth's landscape. In order to better understand the impact of humans on continental erosion, we have examined both long-term and short-term data on rates of sediment transfer in response to glacio-fluvial and anthropogenic processes.
Phanerozoic rates of subaerial denudation inferred from preserved volumes of sedimentary rock require a mean continental erosion rate on the order of 16 m per million years (m/m.y.), resulting in the accumulation of 5 gigatons of sediment per year (Gt/yr). Erosion irregularly increased over the 542 m.y. span of Phanerozoic time to a Pliocene value of 53 m/m.y. (16 Gt/yr). Current estimates of large river sediment loads are similar to this late Neogene value, and require net denudation of ice-free land surfaces at a rate of 62 m/m.y. (21 Gt/yr). Consideration of the variation in large river sediment loads and the geomorphology of respective river basin catchments suggests that natural erosion is primarily confined to drainage headwaters; 83% of the global river sediment flux is derived from the highest 10% of Earth's surface.
Subaerial erosion as a result of human activity, primarily through agricultural practices, has resulted in a sharp increase in net rates of continental denudation; although less well constrained than estimates based on surviving rock volumes or current river loads, available data suggest that present farmland denudation is proceeding at a rate of 600 m/m.y. (75 Gt/yr), and is largely confined to the lower elevations of Earth's land surface, primarily along passive continental margins; 83% of cropland erosion occurs over the lower 65% of Earth's surface.
The conspicuous disparity between natural sediment fluxes suggested by data on rock volumes and river loads (21 Gt/yr) and anthropogenic fluxes inferred from measured and modeled cropland soil losses (75 Gt/yr) is readily resolved by data on thicknesses and ages of alluvial sediment that has been deposited immediately downslope from eroding croplands over the history of human agriculture. Accumulation of postsettlement alluvium on higher-order tributary channels and floodplains (mean rate 12,600 m/m.y.) is the most important geomorphic process in terms of the erosion and deposition of sediment that is currently shaping the landscape of Earth. It far exceeds even the impact of Pleistocene continental glaciers or the current impact of alpine erosion by glacial and/or fluvial processes. Conversely, available data suggest that since 1961, global cropland area has increased by 11%, while the global population has approximately doubled. The net effect of both changes is that per capita cropland area has decreased by 44% over this same time interval; 1% per year. This is 25 times the rate of soil area loss anticipated from human denudation of cropland surfaces. In a context of per capita food production, soil loss through cropland erosion is largely insignificant when compared to the impact of population growth.
Key Words: erosion • denudation • humans • soils • rivers • alluvium
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