The purpose of this study is to explore the transformation of city form and its structure in Solo which has developed from time to time. The method of this research was carried out by a-three-archive research strategy as follows: primary files; secondary files and physical files. The primary files referred to the old Javanese documentary (examples: parintah, undhang-undhang, pranatan, piyagem, kakancingan, serat, gugat, penget, babad). The secondary files referred to the document of local, national and international historians (examples: Ricklefs, Lombard, Vorstensteden, Muljana, Notosusanto, Kartodirdjo, Sajid) and Javanese architecture researchers (Ronald, Ikaputra, Adishakti). While the physical files referred to the field research that was conducted by interviews and collecting the artefacts. The main findings of study of morphology in the city of Solo were: the ?skeleton? element grew in three formations (central, cluster and organic); the ?meat? element grew in three formations also (horizontal, vertical, and interstitial); and the ?blood? element increased from the native people (Javanese, Madura, Banjar) to foreign people (Chinese, Arab, India, Dutch) and changed from agricultural to non-agricultural activities. The other findings were the city of Solo was constructed by a-three-concept of urban design as follows: the organic concept which was conducted by native people; the colony concept which was conducted by the Dutch; and the cosmology concept which was conducted by the Javanese Kingdom. In 1500s-1750s, initially the city of Solo was a settlement grew at the bank of Bengawan Solo. Afterwards, in 1750s-1850s it developed into a combined water- and land- based urban fabric Since 1850s, the city of Solo has left the river transportation and changed into the land transportation. Moreover, in 1900s the city of Solo built the new technology of transportation and urban utilities as follows: train, tram (streetcar), electricity and water city installations. In 2000s, the city of Solo acquired the city problems like the other cities in Indonesia. The city problems were divided into three aspects as follows: the built environment; the natural environment; and the social environment. The accumulation of those problems made the city grow in decline direction that needs to be fixed by a-sustainable-city design. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Paper ini berusaha mengupas tentang perubahan struktur dan bentuk Kota Solo setelah mengalami perkembangan dari masa ke masa. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan studi pendekatan kearsipan, baik arsip primer, arsip sekunder maupun arsip fisik. Untuk arsip primer bersumber pada naskah-naskah dokumenter Jawa, seperti parintah, undang-undang, pranatan, piyagem, kakancingan, serat, gugat, penget dan babad. Untuk arsip sekunder bersumber pada buku-buku dari para ahli sejarah (Ricklefs, Lombard, Vorstensteden, Muljana, Notosusanto, Kartodirdjo dll) dan hasil riset dari para ahli sejarah arsitektur Jawa (Ronald, Ikaputra, Adishakti dll). Untuk arsip fisik bersumber dari artefak, elemen alam dan tradisi masyarakat yang diperoleh dari survey lapangan. Temuan utama dari studi morfologi Kota Solo pada tahun 1500-2000 adalah, elemen ?tulang? telah tumbuh membentuk berbagai formasi, yaitu memusat, mengelompok dan organik. Elemen ?daging? telah tumbuh secara horisontal, vertikal dan interestisial. Sementara elemen ?darah? telah berkembang dari orang-orang pribumi (Jawa, Madura, Banjar) bertambah dengan orang-orang pendatang (Cina, Arab, India, Belanda), dengan mata pencaharian dari agricultural ke non-agricultural. Temuan penting lainnya adalah, Kota Solo tersusun oleh tiga konsep yang berlainan, yang saling tumpang tindih, yaitu konsep organik oleh masyarakat pribumi, konsep kolonial oleh masyarakat Belanda dan konsep kosmologi oleh masyarakat Keraton Jawa. Kota Solo pada tahun 1500-1750 masih berupa kota tepian sungai di Bengawan Solo, kemudian pada tahun 1750-1850 berkembang menjadi kota campuran antara kota perairan dan daratan. Sejak tahun 1850an, Kota Solo mulai meninggalkan lalu lintas sungai dan berganti ke lalu lintas daratan, sehingga menjadi kota daratan. Apalagi sejak tahun 1900an, setelah dibangun teknologi baru pada sarana transportasi dan utilitas kota, yaitu jalur rel kereta api, jalur trem, jaringan listrik dan jaringan air bersih, maka Kota Solo benar-benar telah berubah ke kota daratan, meninggalkan hiruk-pikuk kota tepian sungai yang pernah terjadi di Bengawan Solo. Pada tahun 2000an, Kota Solo mengalami permasalah kota yang umumnya juga terjadi di kota-kota besar di Indonesia, yaitu permasalahan pada lingkungan alaminya, lingkungan buatannya dan lingkungan humannya. Akumulasi permasalahan kota itu menjadikan Kota Solo pada masa-masa mendatang akan semakin memasuki masa ke arah decline, sehingga perlu dicarikan grand-design kota yang sustainable. Kata kunci: morfologi, irreversible, kota, bentuk, struktur.

There are many reasons to study a particular language. One might study a language to learn to speak that language in order to be able to communicate with native speakers or conduct business. One can study a language to learn about the culture of the people or understand their literature and poetry. One can study the grammar of a language to understand the structure of that language and compare it to the structure of other languages It is this last reason that motivates the following discussion

Source of information for ventilation design of residential settlement is generally derived from wind tunnel or, recently, CFD studies, which involves both modeling and simulation of wind flow pattern and speed. Yet this is not readily accessible to most architects. In order to gain similar objectives but without involving detailed studies, the present study introduces a graphical method of gathering information about permeability of residential. It describes how the way wind reaches and flows through built spaces and forms (streets, park/garden, buildings), and makes use of access graphs and numerical measures to indicate permeability of a given residential settlement. Since the method is still in the initial development, further study will be required for refinement and validation. Nevertheless, the method can be employed to provide information for ventilation design of low-rise residential settlements, particularly at the schematic level.

Stellate cells within the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) are a diverse cell group that have been classified according to their size and morphology. Some of these stellate cell types constitute major projection neurones into the brainstem and directly into the inferior colliculus, while others are implicated in more local processing. It is still not clear whether a specific physiological profile is uniquely associated with each distinct type of stellate cell. To investigate such associations, we have analysed 23 units with a battery of physiological stimuli in vivo and then examined their shape and outputs following juxtacellular labelling with biocytin. Five physiologically identified groups of cells were filled. These formed two major response classes: onset cells and chopper cells. The two classes could be separated purely on morphological grounds. The onset cells had large somata, large symmetrical dendritic trees and profuse axonal branches that were restricted to the cochlear nucleus on one (On-L) or both sides (On-C) of the brainstem. The chopper cells had smaller, asymmetric, dendritic trees, which were either planar or marginal, had smaller somata and an output axon that left via the trapezoid body. We have confirmed profuse projections into the dorsal cochlear nucleus from all onset cells, and more focal projections from some members of all three groups of chopper cells.