We here confirm a modest effect of purifying selection on the mtDNA coding region and propose an improved molecular clock for dating human mtDNA, based on a worldwide phylogeny of > 2000 complete mtDNA genomes and calibrating against recent evidence for the divergence time of humans and chimpanzees.

Eukaryotes transcribe much of their genomes, but little is known about the fidelity of transcriptional initiation by RNA polymerase II in vivo. I suggest that approx90% of Pol II initiation events in yeast represent transcriptional noise, and that the specificity of initiation is comparable to that of DNA-binding proteins and other biological processes. This emphasizes the need to develop criteria that distinguish transcriptional noise from transcription with a biological function.

They Made KI mice with 2 extreme versions of 2C editing (out of 24): INI (no editing) and VGV (fully edited) INI mice were normal, but VGV mice were thin due to increased energy expenditure. They had increase surface expression of 2C receptors.

DA - 20080613 IS - 1097-4199 (Electronic) LA - eng PT - Journal Article SB - IM

Open access protocol for using lentivirus for RNAi.

Open access protocol for in vitro d-loop formation assays.

analysis of the promotor region with TRANSFAC