emotion system struktur

Emotions are the driving force behind everything and yet how many classes, days, months, or years have you ever studied emotions? We know so little about all the differing emotions and the nuances between them... and yet they each lead to different actions... different outcomes... even two which are seemingly so similar... guilt and shame? but there is a powerful difference and it changes the way in which they must be handled…

Y. L. Reekie*, K. Braesicke*,†, M. S. Man*,†, and A. C. Roberts*,†,‡ +Author Affiliations *Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom; and †Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Edited by Mortimer Mishkin, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and approved April 21, 2008 (received for review January 16, 2008) Abstract Successful adaptation to changes in an animal's emotional and motivational environment depends on behavioral flexibility accompanied by changes in bodily responses, e.g., autonomic and endocrine, which support the change in behavior. Here, we identify the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as pivotal in the flexible regulation and coordination of behavioral and autonomic responses during adaptation. Using an appetitive Pavlovian task, we demonstrate that OFC lesions in the marmoset (i) impair an animal's ability to rapidly suppress its appetitive cardiovascular arousal upon termination of a conditioned stimulus and (ii) cause an uncoupling of the behavioral and autonomic components of the adaptive response after reversal of the reward contingencies. These findings highlight the role of the OFC in emotional regulation and are highly relevant to our understanding of disorders such as schizophrenia and autism in which uncoupling of emotional responses may contribute to the experiential distress and disadvantageous behavior associated with these disorders. behavioral inhibition emotion reversal learning Footnotes ‡To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: acr4@cam.ac.uk Author contributions: Y.L.R. and A.C.R. designed research; Y.L.R., K.B., and M.S.M. performed research; Y.L.R. and K.B. analyzed data; and Y.L.R. and A.C.R. wrote the paper. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0800417105/DCSupplemental. Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. © 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA