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As more is learned about the impacts of foreign animal-disease outbreaks, questions arise regarding the efficacy of existing animal disease-impact models for capturing the array of effects across many economic sectors and time. Previous models lacked adequate treatment of either the economic components or the epidemiological components, and, in some cases, both. This report presents a quarterly livestock and crop modeling framework in which epidemiological model results are integrated with an economic model of the U.S. agricultural sector to estimate the economic impacts of outbreaks of foreign-source livestock diseases. The framework can be applied to many livestock diseases and this study uses the model to assess the results of a hypothetical outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Model results show large trade-related losses for beef, beef cattle, hogs, and pork, even though relatively few animals are destroyed. The best control strategies prove to be those that reduce the duration of the outbreak. Keywords: Animal disease, epidemiology, foot and mouth disease, FMD, sector model, livestock, crops, trade, ERS, USDA In this report ... Chapters are in Adobe Acrobat PDF format. * Report summary, 92 kb. * Abstract, Acknowledgments, and Contents, 64 kb. * Summary, 50 kb. * Introduction, 45 kb. * A Conceptual Model of the Agricultural Sector, 99 kb. * Simulation of an Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, 60 kb. * Economic Impacts of an FMD Outbreak, 367 kb. * Conclusions, 45 kb. * References, 48 kb. * Appendix A—A Conceptual Model of the Agricultural Sector, 134 kb. * Appendix B—Numerical Model Data and Numerical Form, 99 kb.

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An ethnomedicinal study was conducted to document the indigenous medicinal plant knowledge and use by traditional healers in southwestern Ethiopia from December 2005 to November 2006. Data were collected from 45 randomly selected traditional healers using semi-structured interviews and observations. Sixty-seven ethnomedicinal plant species used by traditional healers to manage 51 different human ailments were identified and documented. Healers' indigenous knowledge was positively correlated with their reported age but not with their educational level. High degree of consensus was observed among traditional healers in treating tumor (locally known as Tanacha), rabies (Dhukuba Seree) and insect bite (Hadhaa). The use of more than one species was significantly cited for remedy preparations. The reported abundance of the ethnomedicinal plant species varied significantly with respect to the presence of multiple uses of the reported species. Our results showed that ethnomedicinal plant species used by healers are under serious threat due to several factors, which indicates the need for urgent attention towards their conservation and sustainable utilization.